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It is a Prominent and anteriorly displaced Schwalbe's line It is a congenital defect and is most commonly associated with icthyosis It is seen as a white ring just inside the outer edge of iris and it is a harmless harmless condition and is outside our field of view so no treatment is required

Computer vision syndrome (CVS) is a temporary condition resulting from focusing the eyes on a computer display for protracted, uninterrupted periods of time. Some symptoms of CVS include headaches, blurred vision, neck pain, fatigue, eye strain, dry, irritated eyes, and difficulty refocusing the eyes. These symptoms can be further aggravated by improper lighting conditions (ie. bright overhead lighting or glare) or air moving past the eyes.

Muscle is derived from a Latin word Mus which means mouse. They are so named because, many of them resemble a mouse, with their tendons representing tail

This is a condition in which a healthy but grossly intoxicated person, who begins a meal, suddenly turns blue, coughs violently, then collapses and dies without much fuss. Death appears to due to sudden heart attack. Treatment : A blow on the back or on the sternum may cause coughing and expel the foreign body. if this is not successful, the foreign body must be removed from the hypopharynx with the middle and index fingers or with forceps.

Splenomegaly It is just an enlargement of spleen. It may be * Mild * Moderate or * Severe Hypersplenism This is a pancytopenia occurring in patients with an enlarged spleen. It is due to large numbers of cells being pooled and destroyed in the spleen's reticuloendothelial system, and haemodilution because of an increased plasma volume.

Kawasaki disease may be rare, but it's now the commonest cause of acquired heart disease in children under 5. It's an acute, self limiting, multiorgan vasculitis of unknown cause. The problem is the vasculitis tends to affect coronary arteries and can cause sudden death if untreated. Immunoglobulins and aspirin reduce cardiac complications significantly.Diagnosis is essentially clinical-fever for five days and at least 4 of the following: * Red eyes (bilateral conjunctivitis, no pus) * Sore red mouth, * red cracked lips, and * classically a "strawberry" tongue with protuberant papillae * Polymorphous maculopapular skin rash * Cervical lymphadenopathy, usually unilateral and >1.5 cm in diameter * Erythema and oedema of the hands and feet (with desquamation of the skin in the later stage of the illness). Source: Heart 2009;95:787-792

Brushfield spots are small white or grayish/brown spots on the periphery of the iris in the human eye due to aggregation of connective tissue, a normal iris element. These spots are normal in children but are also a feature of the chromosomal disorder Down syndrome. They occur in 35-78% of newborn infants with Down syndrome.They are much more likely to occur in Down syndrome children of the Caucasian race than children of Asian heritage.Brushfield spots are named after the physician, Thomas Brushfield, who first described them in his 1924 M.D. thesis.They are focal areas of stromal hyperplasia, surrounded by relative hypoplasia and are more common in patients with lightly pigmented irises.

TS A simian crease is a single palmar crease as compared to two creases in a normal palm. Simian crease occurs in about 1 out of 30 normal people, but is also frequently associated with other conditions such as * Down syndrome * Aarskog syndrome * Fetal alcohol syndrome * cri du chat syndrome (chromosome 5) * Noonan syndrome (chromosome 12) * Patau syndrome (chromosome 13) * Edward's syndrome (chromosome

According to the oxford dictionary the word is Pneumonouthramicros cpopicsilicovolc anocon . This 45 letter word was coined the longest ever to appear in the dictionary. It means a lung disease caused by the inhalation of volcanic ash causing inflammation in the lungs.

Source: BMJ 2009;338:b1668 New NICE guidelines in the UK on newer drugs for use in diabetes are summarised in the BMJ. Some key points are: Add sitagliptin (a DPP-4 inhibitor) as second line treatment with metformin instead of a sulphonylurea when blood glucose control is inadequate if sulphonylureas are contraindicated or if the patient is at risk of hypoglycaemia Add sitagliptin or a thiazolidinedione (pioglitazone or rosiglitazone) as a third line treatment if metformin and a sulphonylurea are not adequately controlling blood glucose and insulin is unsuitable Don't use thiazolidinediones in patients with heart failure or at high risk of fracture Add pioglitazone to insulin therapy if a thiazolidinedione has lowered blood glucose in the past or if high dose insulin is not adequately controlling blood glucose.

Tamiflu is a drug that slows down spread of non resistant strains of h1n1 virus between cells of body Its adult dose is 75mg twice daily for 5 days taken within 2days of appearance of symptoms But resistance is the major problem of concern In the presence of resistance second line drugs like Relenza(zenamivir) can be taken

Chronobiology is a field of science that examines periodic (cyclic) phenomena in living organisms and their adaptation to solar and lunar related rhythms. These cycles are known as biological rhythms. "Chrono" pertains to time and "biology" pertains to the study, or science, of life. The related terms chronomics and chronome have been used in some cases to describe either the molecular mechanisms involved in chronobiological phenomena or the more quantitative aspects of chronobiology, particularly where comparison of cycles between organisms is required. The variations of the timing and duration of biological activity in living organisms occur for many essential biological processes. These occur (a) in animals (eating, sleeping, mating, hibernating, migration, cellular regeneration, etc.), (b) in plants (leaf movements, photosynthetic reactions, etc.), and in microbial organisms such as fungi and protozoa. They have even been found in bacteria, especially among the

Source : http://www.lifecellinternational.com/power-of-stem-cells-and-cord-blood/importance-of-stem-cells Stem cells are a breakthrough in modern regenerative medicine. Their main potential lies in the ability to generate cells and tissues. Stem cells can also be directed to differentiate into specific cell types, thereby offering the possibility of a renewable source of replacement cells and tissues - to treat diseases such as Parkinson's & Alzheimer's diseases, spinal cord injury, stroke, burns, heart disease, diabetes, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Recent studies have indicated the possibility to direct differentiation of stem cells into heart muscle cells or insulin-producing pancreatic cells. For example, it is now possible to generate healthy heart muscle cells from stem cells in the laboratory and transplant those cells into patients with chronic heart disease. In type I diabetes, the cells of the pancreas that normally produce insulin are destroyed by the

source : http://image-challenge.nejm.org/?ci=07092009#07092009 The peripheral-blood smear shows a monocyte with a grossly distorted nucleus and numerous intracellular yeast-like organisms 2 to 4 micrometers in diameter with eccentric chromatin. The organisms were surrounded by an artifactual pseudocapsule caused by cytoplasmic shrinkage. These features are diagnostic of Histoplasma capsulatum. H. capsulatum is acquired by the inhalation of conidia or mycelial fragments.

Hippocrates By Dr Daniel Sokol Medical ethicist http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7654432.stm Written nearly 2,500 years ago, the Oath is the most famous text in Western medicine The Oath starts: "I swear by Apollo the physician and by Asclepius and Hygieia and Panacea... to bring the following oath to fulfilment." Apollo, the god of healing, fell in love with a human, Coronis. I will use treatments for the benefit of the ill in accordance with my ability and my judgment, but from what is to their harm and injustice I will keep them Hippocratic Oath In his absence, Apollo sent a white crow to look after her. When the crow informed Apollo that Coronis loved another man, Apollo's rage turned the crow black. To avenge her brother, Apollo's sister shot Coronis with an arrow and, as she lay dying, Coronis told Apollo that she was bearing his child. Although Ap