ScoopMed

1 NEMATODES Roundworm: Ascaris lumbricoides Hook worm: Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale Pinworm: Enterobius vermicularis Thread worm: Strongyloides stercoralis Filarial worm: Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, Onchocerca volvulus Whipworm: Trichuris trichiura Trichina worm: Trichinella spiralis Guinea worm: Dracunculus medinensis 2 TREMATODES Blood fluke: Schistosoma haematobium, mansoni, and japonicum Lung fluke: Paragonimus westermani Liver fluke: Fasciola hepatica 3 CESTODES Pork tapeworm: Taenia solium Beef tapeworm: Taenia saginata Fish worm: Diphyllobothrium latum Dog tapeworm: Echinococcus granulosus Dwarf tapeworm: Hymenolepis nana

1. Phase I—The first appearance of faint, repetitive, clear tapping sounds which gradually increase in intensity for at least two consecutive beats is the systolic blood pressure. 2. Phase II—A brief period may follow during which the sounds soften and acquire a swishing quality. 3. Phase III—The return of sharper sounds, which become crisper to regain, or even exceed, the intensity of phase I sounds. 4. Phase IV—The distinct abrupt muffling of sounds, which become soft and blowing in quality. 5. Phase V—The point at which all sounds finally disappear completely is the diastolic pressure.

Rapidly and completely absorbed by oral route Very large volume of distribution: loading dose is necessary Concentrated in erythrocytes, liver, spleen, kidney, lung, melanin-containing tissues Retina accumulation: ocular toxicity on long term use Partly metabolised by hepatic mixed function oxidase system Metabolites and parent drug excreted in urine

The disorders of smell are classified as "-osmias" and of taste as "-geusias." “osmias” Anosmia – Absence of ability to detect odors Hyposmia - Decreased ability to detect odors
 Dysosmia - Distorted ability to detect odors Parosmia - Altered perception of smell in the presence of an odor, usually unpleasant and occasionally pleasant Phantosmia – Perception of smell without an odor Agnosia - Inability to classify or contrast odors, although able to detect odors "-geusias" Ageusia - Inability to taste Hypogeusia - Decreased ability to taste
 Dysgeusia – Distorted ability to taste

Carnitine deficiency occurs due to pivalic acid liberated on hydrolysis of these pivaloyloxymethyl esters in vivo is excreted as pivaloyl-carnitine with a consequent depletion in plasma and muscle concentrations of carnitine. An intensive carnitine replacement therapy has to be initiated in such patients.

Bio equivalence Different pharmaceutical companies in the world can prepare same compounds with same dosage forms If two or more similar dosage forms of same drugs reach the blood circulation at same rate then those preparations are called bioequivalent products If the difference in bioavailability of the preparation is less than 20% these are known to be bioequivalent The drug regulatory authorities asks for bioequivalent study report when a pharmaceutical company applies for ANDA filing   Therapeutic equivalence Structurally different drug can provide the same clinical response as another drug then it is called as therapeutically equivalen ce All bioquivalent drugs are therapeutic equivalent but the converse is not true.  

Structurally different drug can provide the same clinical response as another drug then it is called as therapeutically equivalent