ScoopMed

The disorders of smell are classified as "-osmias" and of taste as "-geusias." “osmias” Anosmia – Absence of ability to detect odors Hyposmia - Decreased ability to detect odors
 Dysosmia - Distorted ability to detect odors Parosmia - Altered perception of smell in the presence of an odor, usually unpleasant and occasionally pleasant Phantosmia – Perception of smell without an odor Agnosia - Inability to classify or contrast odors, although able to detect odors "-geusias" Ageusia - Inability to taste Hypogeusia - Decreased ability to taste
 Dysgeusia – Distorted ability to taste

Carnitine deficiency occurs due to pivalic acid liberated on hydrolysis of these pivaloyloxymethyl esters in vivo is excreted as pivaloyl-carnitine with a consequent depletion in plasma and muscle concentrations of carnitine. An intensive carnitine replacement therapy has to be initiated in such patients.

Bio equivalence Different pharmaceutical companies in the world can prepare same compounds with same dosage forms If two or more similar dosage forms of same drugs reach the blood circulation at same rate then those preparations are called bioequivalent products If the difference in bioavailability of the preparation is less than 20% these are known to be bioequivalent The drug regulatory authorities asks for bioequivalent study report when a pharmaceutical company applies for ANDA filing   Therapeutic equivalence Structurally different drug can provide the same clinical response as another drug then it is called as therapeutically equivalen ce All bioquivalent drugs are therapeutic equivalent but the converse is not true.  

Structurally different drug can provide the same clinical response as another drug then it is called as therapeutically equivalent

Different pharmaceutical companies in the world can prepare same compounds with same dosage forms If two or more similar dosage forms of same drugs reach the blood circulation at same rate then those preparations are called bioequivalent products If the difference in bioavailability of the preparation is less than 20% these are known to be bioequivalent The drug regulatory authorities asks for bioequivalent study report when a pharmaceutical company applies for ANDA filing  

Thyrotoxicosis is the state of thyroid hormone excess and is not synonymous with hyperthyroidism. Hyperthyroidism is the result of excessive thyroid function.  However, the major etiologies of thyrotoxicosis are hyperthyroidism caused by Graves’ disease, toxic MNG, and toxic adenomas. Thyrotoxicosis can also occur without excessive thyroid function as in subacute thyroiditis, radiation use and drugs like amoidarone.

The dose of levothyroxine in the hypothyroid patient who becomes pregnant usually needs to be increased by 30-50% in most cases. Reasons for increase in requirement Increased serum concentration of Thyroxine-Binding Globulin induced by estrogen Expression of type 3 deiodinase by the placenta Small amount of transplacental passage of levothyroxine from mother to fetus